MLA Style Parenthetical Citations

Many high school teachers  require students to use MLA format  for their papers.  When a teacher requires a certain style, it means they expect you to follow guidelines for formatting  line spacing, margins, and the  title page  in a specific way. Your teacher may provide a style guide. As you write your paper in MLA format, you will be referencing things you found in your research and will need to indicate exactly where you found the information. As an alternative to  using footnotes (which are common in Chicago format),  this can be done with parenthetical citations. These  are brief  notations that explain where you found your facts. Any time you make reference to someone elses idea, either through paraphrasing or quoting them directly, you must provide this notation. It will include  the author’s name and the page number from their work. Here is an example of parenthetical citation: Even today, many children are born outside the safety of hospitals (Kasserman 182). This indicates that you are using information found in a book by somebody named Kasserman (last name) and it was found on page 182. You may also give the same information in another way if you want to name the author in your sentence. You might want to do this to add variety to your paper: According to Laura Kasserman, â€Å"many children today do not benefit from the sanitary conditions which are available in modern facilities† (182). Many children are born outside the safety of hospitals. Be sure to use quotation marks when quoting someone directly.

Getting Behind the Punch The Knock Out Game Essay

Outside, a middle aged man walks outside from the back entrance after a long day at work. As he moves through the back alley, a swift cracking noise echoes the area. He drops on the ground, instantly going into a state of unconsciousness as cackling and footsteps run away from him. This horrible scenario has been occurring for the past few years in various urban areas to people who seem â€Å"vulnerable.† This â€Å"knock out game† has various methods of operation but for the most part, â€Å"†¦it typically involves either one forceful punch to the head or a more generalized assault to a random individual (typically standing or walking alone) without any warning or provocation, and without any ulterior motive such as theft or retaliation† (Zonfrillo,†¦show more content†¦He was punched by a teenager in the face, and collapsed an alley. The footage of that attack would be used by various media outlets as a link example for the â€Å"knock out gameâ €  occurrence (Fuoco/Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2013). In an interview with Post-Gazette, Mr. Addlespurger hinted a social problems perspective on his attack by mentioning the lack of legitimate opportunities for the teenagers, â€Å"People need to do things and create things and be more productive. If they can’t, they’ll be destructive and that’s not good. Kids need to have a metaphorical backpack of social skills and how to act responsibly. It concerns me that some kids have no values and nothing to live for.† However, after the 16 year old attacker Dajour Washington was released from serving nine months in juvenile hall for aggravated assault, he claimed, â€Å"[it was] simply an impulse of stupidity, trying to show off for my friends. It was like, ‘Let me knock this guy out, let me hit him,’ basically like showing off to let them know I could fight. I feel guilty and embarrassed, ashamed† (Fuoco/Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2013). This quote seems suggestive of biological and psychological causes. In particular Dajour’s statement seems to align with Biosocial Arousal Theory. This theory states that â€Å"an individual’s level of arousal works in conjunction with the social environment. Those with low levels of arousal are less likely to learn appropriate ways to deal with aggressionShow MoreRelatedI Will Forgive Vroom !2310 Words   |  10 PagesI Will Forgive Vroom! Vroom! Vroom! Honk! Honk! Honk! Crash! I’ve been reliving that moment in my life. It was a gorgeous morning day out. The sun shining, trees slowly losing leaves. The smell of nature was beautiful. I’m walking out of school and started to talk with my friends. Cars are everywhere. Parking lots full. The cars are louder than a herd of elephants. In a distance, I see my mom’s car. I wave and start running towards her. Here it comes again. Vroom! Vroom! Vroom! 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The Rubber Processing Industry in Ghana Free Essays

Chapter ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Natural gum elastic is an elastomer ( an elastic hydrocarbon polymer ) that was originally derived from latex, a milky colloid produced by some workss. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rubber Processing Industry in Ghana or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( Wiley,2002 ) . Wiley farther provinces that natural gum elastic is used extensively in many applications andproducts, as is man-made gum elastic. Recent research has found that the economic impact of the industrial processing of gum elastic had at the clip of find is, besides an industry that provides occupations and returns on nest eggs, and besides contributed a batch to economic development ( Oluwalana et al 2007 ) . Ghana has non merely achieved sustainable growing and important poorness decrease in the recent old ages, province and establishment edifice has made rapid advancement in the same period. Ghana has become a stable democratic province as demonstrated in a peaceable passage of power in two back-to-back free and just elections in 2000 and 2008. Administration indexs have been steadily bettering over the past old ages and in 2007, Ghana ranked in front of regional norms of Asia, Latin America and Africa in most of import administration indexs, including authorities eff ectivity, regulative quality and control of corruptness ( Kaufmann et al. 2008 ) . The state is ranked among the top 10 African states in footings of freedom of the imperativeness and academic freedom ( Freedom House, 2008 ) . Industrial development has been recognized as one of the surest agencies of guaranting higher and sustained growing rates. Hence African states including Ghana pursued import permutation industrialization in the sixtiess and 1970s. The principle was to travel African economic systems from its agricultural province to modern industrialised economic systems as has been the instance of the East and south-east Asiatic economic systems. Consequently, policies to advance import permutation industrialization were pursued and this led to the constitution of light industries to bring forth goods locally and run behind duty barriers. Like many African states, Ghana’s industrial scheme was meant to cut down economic dependance ; hence, fabricating industries were established to bring forth points that were antecedently imported. Ghana became a success narrative in Africa in the recent old ages. The growing and poorness decrease scheme volume 2 provinces that, after more than 20 old ages of steady economic growing and important poorness decrease, Ghana is taking to go a in-between income state in following 10 old ages. Result of transmutation in many Asiatic states is frequently characterized by a declined portion of agribusiness in GDP and progressively of import function of fabrication in taking growing in the transmutation procedure ( GPRS,2009 ) . Industrialization has enjoyed important good will and virtues of history as the impeling force in the planetary economic sciences of national development. Technology underlines industrialization and the appropriate blend of the two provides the technology substructure for growing and development. Ghana has made important efforts at industrialization, particularly in the immediate post-independen ce epoch through definite programs. The nucleus scheme of the GPRS is to prosecute industrial development through the private sector as the footing of wealth creative activity, growing and poorness decrease ( GPRS, 2009 ) . 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Ghana’s economic system has displayed less transmutation than might be expected for a state that has late achieved middle-income position harmonizing to National Development Planning Commission ( NDPC, 2010 ) . The function that transmutation dramas in the class of development is good understood by both development economic experts and policymakers in the underdeveloped universe. NDPC ( 2010 ) argues further that, transmutation which is a procedure in which labour moves from traditional activities in agribusiness and other primary sectors to modern industry and besides a procedure in which population moves to urban Numberss, making chances for the development of industrial activities and improved public assistance. In Ghana, a important per centum of the working population is employed by the informal sector, The Ministry of Trade and industry ( MTI ) ( 2000 ) cited that, little houses can more propel growing in the economic system than big one time due to their figure and nich es they occupy in the national economic system. In the rural economic development, little graduated table industries and endeavors play a cardinal function in bring forthing income for running of households and financing most activities in the rural countries of the state ( MTI, 2002 ) . With this great impact and part to the economic development of the state, these little graduated table industries are weighed down with a batch of jobs ( Ankomah, 2012 ) . Ankomah in his research further stated that, most of these industries barely grow in the rural economic system to go medium and big graduated table. They still faces challenges such as hapless working status, low engineering, low substructure installations, unequal web, hapless distribution system, low quality merchandise and hapless regulative systems ( MTI, 2002 ) . They face difficult competition from big graduated table industries in the formal sector in marketing their merchandise. Ghana’s Medium Term Development Policy Framework provinces in NDPC ( 2010 ) that, the midterm development program in Ghana is to â€Å"lay the foundation for the structural transmutation of the economic system within the decennary stoping 2020, through industrialisation, particularly fabricating, based on modernised agribusiness, industries and sustainable development of Ghana’s natural resources, peculiarly minerals, oil and gas† ( NDPC 2010 ) . It is against this background that the research seeks to supply adaptable agencies to advance the gum elastic industry for economic development through architectural inventions and progress substructure installations. 1.3 Aim The research objectives seek to ; 1. Measure the gum elastic processing industry in Ghana and place the design considerations in puting up a modern gum elastic processing industry in Apemanyim. 2. Propose a gum elastic processing industry in the territory capital to act upon the socio-economic development and to make employment in the territory capital. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The undermentioned research inquiries were used to accomplish the aims of the survey. These include ; What is the current province of the gum elastic industry? What architectural design intercessions can be disposed of in response to the demands of the gum elastic industry in Ghana? 1.5 Scope The range of this research is geared towards the processing of natural gum elastic, and how the industry can be advanced in production engineering and substructure to farther procedure the gum elastic into concluding merchandises and besides to act upon the socio-economic development in the territory capital. It besides focuses on the design principles to setup a reputable gum elastic processing industry. This survey will look out for the needed infinites, machines or equipment and criterions for the constitution of a gum elastic processing industry. A item certification and analysis for locating a gum elastic mill will besides be amalgamated into this thesis as an experimental or presentation undertaking being a foreshadow of how executable the country’s programs of work outing her economic jobs will be best addressed. 1.6 Justification There is an addition in the government’s attempt to accomplish economic growing and poorness decrease in rural and urban countries. Harmonizing to Ghana statistical service ( GSS ) , ( 2000 ) , In their life criterion study, it indicate that approximately 69 % of the Ghanese population is employed in the micro and little endeavor sector with a important figure of them located in the rural countries. The Ministry of trade and industry ( MTI ) ( 2002 ) cited in the ( ADTF ) diary that, the authorities of Ghana has policies for micro and little endeavor. The end of this policy is to make a contributing environment to turn and ease the development of a vibrant, productive and competitory micro and little endeavors sector in the state. The authorities seeks to advance dynamic enterprise civilization for invention, promote employment growing within the informal sector and develop micro and little endeavor to function as a agency to set up linkages between the formal and informal sec tors of the economic system. Besides the policy province to better the engineering based merchandise quality and productiveness of the micro and little endeavor sector and upgrade the application of autochthonal engineerings. Rubber processing is concentrated at Apemanyim as a consequence of the presence of natural stuffs. The GREL processing works is the chief industry into the processing of natural gum elastic in the territory capital. An interview conducted at GREL identified that, 120 people are employed with a production capacity of five metric tons per hr. With deficiency of substructure development and engineering, this gum elastic industry is unable to farther procedure the gum elastic into finish goods therefore its inability to make more employment for the young person and more over to contend the urban market with their merchandise. The part of GREL in the economic systems of the Western, Central and parts of Ashanti parts is tremendous as it presently provides employment for over 6,000 husbandmans through its Rubber Out-grower Scheme. There would be more value added to the gum elastic if it is farther processed into tyres before it is exported to assorted states. 1.7 Restriction The major restriction encountered was the trouble of acquiring some critical information with regard to the inaccessibility of bing mills to be used as local instance surveies and equipment as proficient surveies which are in conformity with gum elastic industry installations. The lone mill available within the state is the gum elastic mill located at Apemanim. However, this mill does non farther procedure the gum elastic into finished goods. 1.8 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY The survey has been organised under five chief chapters. Chapter One focuses on the general debut to the survey and defines the research job, aims, range and justification. The 2nd chapter reviews literature on the construct and economic sciences of gum elastic production. Chapter Three covers the profile of the survey Region and Districts every bit good as the methodological analysis that has been employed to transport out the survey. The 4th chapter nowadayss an in-depth analysis and presentation of informations. The fifth and concluding chapter covers the major findings and policy deductions of the survey, recommendations and decision. 1.9 Summary The chapter has presented an overview of the whole survey with general issues facing the gum elastic industry. The following chapters will hence, present a critical reappraisal of the organic structure of literature related to the processing of gum elastic. How to cite The Rubber Processing Industry in Ghana, Essay examples

Achieving Quality Outcomes are Important for All Projects

Question: Discuss about the Achieving Quality Outcomes are Important for All Projects . Answer: Introduction The quality of the project is defined by ensuring the needs and requirements of the different deliverables and activities required in a project. All the activities in a project during the implementation, planning, and design phase are required to be implemented in an efficient and effective manner for meeting the objective of the project performance. In order to ensure the quality of the project, quality management plan needed to be implemented for measuring the quality of the project. The assurance of quality in a project has been described as a continuous process during and after the completion of the project. Elassy, (2015, p. 25) explained that the QM aims at satisfying the different stakeholders through the improvement of the process. The different criteria and requirements of the stakeholders describe the quality required. In IT project, the two significant quality perspective is in term of client and the producers. Achieving quality outcomes are important for all projects In this particular study, the project for the development of the "Stock Exchange Monitoring System." The significant aim of the stock exchange development project is to capture, analyze and broadcast the data. The stock exchange application will be able to monitor and exchange the data between the investors and clients. The vital requirement of the stock exchange system is to provide reliable information, high security, platform heterogeneity and information distribution with high reliability. Elias, (2015, p. 752) cited that the achievement of the requirements means a tradeoff between the different priorities within the project. The stakeholders are the persons who are directly or indirectly involved with the development of the project. Jeong, and Jung, (2016, p. 19) illustrated that on this particular project for the design a development of the stock exchange system, the stakeholders are the producer and developer, the client for whom the stock exchange system is being developed. F urthermore, Minelle, (2016, p.26) defined quality as a subjective characteristic of the project that varies in relevant with the project stakeholder. The developed system for the stock exchange provides the information from the external sources through the internet to the independent clients connected through the system. The clients associated with the stock exchange system are distributed throughout the globe and can receive data from the data server directly. Therefore, the developed stock exchange system will be able to show, monitor and exchange the information in a much reliable and efficient manner. Difference in perspective with respect to quality In the project for the development and implementation of the Stock Exchange Monitoring System," the stakeholders had difference perspective of the quality that needed to be achieved during the project implementation. Mane and.Patil. (2015, p.129) have defined the "quality" in the project as the compliance with the project requirements. On the other hand, Drob, (2014, p.28) have described quality as the need that is "fit for use" during the development of the project. Different stakeholders associated with the project have a different perspective on achieving the optimum quality for the developed system. Different views on the quality of the project are: Product-Based Perspective: The client of the stock exchange system focuses on achieving the quality of the system in terms of usability, access of information, security of data, the reliability of information. Sunder (2016, p.27) described that the functional quality of the developed system along with the products characteristic and systems specification are equivalent to the developed system's quality. In most of the cases, the price of the developed product is often misjudged as the high quality of the service or system. In the case of the "Stock Exchange management system," the clients pay a huge amount of financial resources for incorporating various features and component within the system. But if the developed system fails to provide the right information at the right time to the client, the quality of the project will not be met. User-based perspective: The Stock Exchange Monitoring System is developed for the targeted clients and customers scattered all over the world. The customers view of the quality that they would be able to log in to the system and view the stock information and data in real time. Different customers have different needs in terms of usability and functionality of the developed system. The developed system provides the customer with a subscription offer that will acknowledge the customer with the change of feed on a particular stock information. The customer views the quality of the product with the minimum delay in reminding the customer about the real-time change in information. Developers view of quality: The project team and the technician department for the development of the project aim at designing a reliable and flawless stock management system. The stock management system views the quality of the developed system in terms of errorless system, the processing capability of the system, reliability, and security aspect. In addition to that, project team aims at delivering the development project within the allocated resources, provided time and financial budget. Differences with Respect to the Quality of the Project is Outlined in Component 1 As mentioned in component 1, the quality of the IT project is determined at various stages during the implementation. According to Eskerod, and Vaagaasar, (2014, p.71), in the delivery stage, the quality of the project is judged during the delivery stage and the post-delivery stage. The significant objective for determining the quality of the project in term of cost and time. The quality of the project is determined by the right process conducted during the delivery stage of the project. The quality of the project is evaluated based on the organizational benefits the criteria of quality is accessed in terms of meeting the objective, goal and measuring the effectiveness of the developed system (Gnan et al., 2013, p. 85). On the other hand, in the case of "Stock Exchange Monitoring System," the quality of the product is judged and viewed in respect of the required efficiency of the developed stock exchange system. On a contrary of quality as observed in component 1, the quality criteri a of the stock exchange system were not viewed with the organizational benefits. In the component 1, during the post-delivery stage of the project, the team members, clients, and other stakeholders demonstrate the quality criteria for the IT project. The success and quality of the project are judged trough the satisfaction and benefits of the stakeholders and success of the developed system (Eriksson et al., 2015, p.322). The implementation of the IT project will have determined with the user satisfaction, system quality, use of information, impact of individual, and information quality. Similarly, on the development of the "Stock Exchange Monitoring System," the quality is accessed and judged in terms of quality, information and accessibility of the system for achieving the optimum quality. The post-delivery stage in the project the quality is viewed by getting the objective right for gaining the organizational and stakeholders aspect. Methods of describing quality criteria The quality criteria of any project depends on three factors primarily: the perspective of the users, the objective of the developing the project itself and the process itself. The project quality criteria are considered as subject criteria in those specific cases in which the project quality can be scored by the individual users, based on their experience, views, and backgrounds (Boubaker, Djebabra, Saadi, 2014, p.335). Thus, it can be said that one of the most important methods for describing the quality criteria of any project is to rely on the requirements of the client and their background. On the other hand, the quality of the information available from the Stock Exchange Monitoring System under consideration can only be assessed by analyzing and evaluating the information in consideration (Martin et al., 2016, p.59). Thus, the method for determining the quality of the information is nothing but the analysis of the same. Finally, the efficiency, completeness and ease of the process of obtaining information from the Stock Exchange Monitoring System should be considered as yet another quality criteria of the entire project (Valls et al., p. 269). Thus, the scoring of the Stock Exchange Monitoring System n system itself should be considered as the final method of identifying the quality criteria of the project. The following table provides a list of the various methods that can be utilized for identifying the quality criteria of the project under consideration: Sl. No Quality Criteria Assessment method 1 Believability Experience of the user 2 Concise representation Experience of the user 3 Interpretability Experience of the user 4 Quality Criterion Experience of the user 5 Relevancy Experience of the user 6 Completeness of information Analysis of information 7 Relevance of information Analysis of information 8. Efficiency Stock Exchange Monitoring System Scoring of the Stock Exchange Monitoring System Management Plan The following processes must be utilized be for achieving the quality of the project, as and when the same progresses: Clarification of the vision, mission, and goals of the project: The identification of the aim and objectives of the project, along with the vision mission and goals of the same is essential for the identification of the criteria that would be utilized for determining the level of quality of the project. Identification of the success factors: The critical factors for determining the quality of the project would be identified in the second stage of the quality assurance process. Developing metrics for tracking the data associated with the critical success factors: The metrics for assessing the data associated with the critical success factors of the project require to be developed and put into use. Identification of the primary stakeholders associated with the project: The identification of the primary stakeholders of the project is yet another essential step of the quality management process; the same facilitates the process of identifying perspectives from which the quality of the project activities would be measured (Elias, 2016, p.752). Develop quality survey tool: The survey tool to be utilized for determining the quality levels of the project should be developed and utilized for enhancing the efficiency of the quality management process. Developing the improvement plan: Developing the quality improvement plan is the last activity associated with the quality management process. Possible impact on the project The quality management plan in the project helps in identifying the various requirement of the different stakeholder involved in the project. Moreover, the application quality management help in identifying the various requirements and characteristic of the project. Furthermore, the process helps in identification of the different quality characteristic revised for the project. In addition to that, the process of quality management helps the project manager to ensure the project developed and conducted meets the requirement and quality needs of the project. Moreover, the quality assurance process determined the impact of quality in meeting the requirement of the undertaken project (Boesso, Kumar, 2016, p.830). In addition to that, the application of the quality management process helps in determining the metrics for ensuring the cost, time and scope of the project while maintaining the quality as identified in the process. Apart from that, the application of the project quality assu rance helps in identifying the requirements and distribute the task to the different people for obtaining the project goals (Gnan et al., 2013, p. 85). Moreover, the monitoring and maintaining of the project scope and deliverables are made easier with the quality assurance plan. Conclusion The success or failure of the project is determined by the achievement of the project goal and requirement. The different view of the project stakeholders varies in respect to obtaining the required quality for the undertaken project. The difference of views between the stakeholder forms two major quality gaps between the view of the customer and the view of the developer for gaining the required quality of the project. Moreover, for gaining the efficient quality of the project, the project manager needs to incorporate the quality criteria of all the stakeholders for gaining optimum quality through the quality assurance and performance within the project. In addition to that, the continuing improvement in the quality of the project helps in improving the satisfaction of the stakeholders involved in the project. References Boesso, G., Kumar, K. (2016). Examining the association between stakeholder culture, stakeholder salience and stakeholder engagement activities: An empirical study. Management Decision, 54(4), 815-831. doi:10.1108/MD-06-2015-0245 Boubaker, L., Djebabra, M., Saadi, S. (2014). The contribution of stakeholder theory in the management of environmental quality of algerian firms: Case study of the SONATRACH group, algeria. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 25(3), 335-351. doi:10.1108/MEQ-01-2013-0003 Drob, C. (2014). overview about project quality management. Studies and Scientific Researches: Economics Edition, (18) Elassy, N. (2015). The concepts of quality, quality assurance and quality enhancement. Quality Assurance In Education, 23(3), 250-261. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qae-11-2012-0046 Elias, A. (2015). Analysing the stakes of stakeholders in research and development project management: a systems approach. RD Management, 46(4), 749-760. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/radm.12122 Elias, A. A. (2016). Analysing the stakes of stakeholders in research and development project management: A systems approach. RD Management, 46(4), 749-760. doi:10.1111/radm.12122 Eriksson, J., Glad, W., Johansson, M., Linkpings universitet, Tema teknik och social frndring, Institutionen fr tema, Filosofiska fakulteten. (2015). User involvement in swedish residential building projects: A stakeholder perspective. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 30(2), 313-329. doi:10.1007/s10901-014-9412-7 Eskerod, P., Vaagaasar, A. L. (2014). Stakeholder management strategies and practices during a project course. Project Management Journal, 45(5), 71-85. doi:10.1002/pmj.21447 Gnan, L., Hinna, A., Monteduro, F., Scarozza, D. (2013). Corporate governance and management practices: Stakeholder involvement, quality and sustainability tools adoption: Evidences in local public utilities. Journal of Management Governance, 17(4), 907-937. doi:10.1007/s10997-011-9201-6 Jeong, M. Jung, Y. (2016). A Case Study of Asphalt Pavement Construction Quality Assurance Using the Quality Related Specification Software. Journal Of Construction Engineering And Project Management, 6(3), 14-21. https://dx.doi.org/10.6106/jcepm.2016.6.3.014 Martin, N., Evans, M., Rice, J., Lodhia, S., Gibbons, P. (2016). Using offsets to mitigate environmental impacts of major projects: A stakeholder analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 179, 58-65. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.054 Minelle, F. (2016). In Biblioteca. A practical guide to dealing with difficult stakeholders. PROJECT MANAGER (IL), (26). https://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pm2016-026012 P.P.Mane, J.R.Patil. (2015). Quality management system at construction project: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 5(3), 126-130. Sunder M, V. (2016). Lean six sigma project management a stakeholder management perspective.The TQM Journal, 28(1), 132-150. doi:10.1108/TQM-09-2014-0070 Valls, P., Jakesov, L., Valls, M., Galiana, F. (2012). Sustainability of mediterranean spanish forest management through stakeholder views. European Countryside, 4(4), 269. doi:10.2478/v10091-012-0028-1

A study on the difficulties in teaching and learning English speaking to non-English major freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry (HUI) Essay Example

A study on the difficulties in teaching and learning English speaking to non-English major freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry (HUI) Paper A study on the difficulties in teaching and learning English speaking to non-English major freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry (HU) BY datsY27101989 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY OF STUDY PROJECT REPORT TITLE: A study on the difficulties in teaching and learning English speaking to non-English major freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry (HOI) Date of submission: 16/05/2013 Name: VO THI KIM COC Supervisors Name: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Le Hung Tien Tutors Name : Le Huong Hoa, M. A l certify that this work is entirely my own and has not been accepted as part of a submission to another purpose elsewhere. Signed: Word length: words ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study has been completed with the help and support of many people. Therefore, I am grateful to all of them. Most importantly, I wish to give my special acknowledgement to Mr. Le Hung Tien, my supervisor, who has made a significant contribution to the success of this research. He shaped me on the path toward being an independent researcher. I also would like to give my thanks for Ms. Le Huong Hoa, my tutor. Dear Ms. Hoa, thank you for your initial ideas of the research topic and your support during the time I was conducting the research. We will write a custom essay sample on A study on the difficulties in teaching and learning English speaking to non-English major freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry (HUI) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A study on the difficulties in teaching and learning English speaking to non-English major freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry (HUI) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A study on the difficulties in teaching and learning English speaking to non-English major freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry (HUI) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer You have invested a lot of energy and valuable time counseling and correcting my study. Without your help and support, I would have been in much trouble completing my study. Working with you, I have learned a lot of valuable knowledge and experiences in doing research. Besides, I would like to Mrs. Dinh Thi Hoa, lecturer of Faculty of Foreign Languages at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry, who gave me advice on my study. Her advice and guidance helped me overcome difficulties while I was implementing the research. No acknowledgement would be completed without thanking my parents who always nspired me so much in finishing this research. I also want to give acknowledgement to my friends who spent their time to help me analyze my paper and provide insightful comments. TABLE OF CONTENTS SUPERVISORS REMARKS Grade: Supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Le Hung Tien ABSTRACT The research carried out under the title A study on the difficulties in teaching and learning English speaking to non-English major freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry. The obstacles in teaching and learning speaking skill are surveyed in some selected classes and observed by the researcher. Interviews are also organized o get supplementary results for the questionnaires. All the quantitative and qualitative methods are conveyed to get data for the research. As the result, teachers and students have different difficulties in teaching and learning speaking skill. In classes, the teachers surveyed meet difficulties with the large size of classes, studentslow motivation, studentsinsuffcient English competence, and so on while students meet obstacles such as difficult lessons, teachers unsuitable teaching methods, and the worries of making mistakes. In summary, all the difficulties originate from objective and subjective reasons. The rationale of the study: Nowadays, English plays an important role in the society. The number of people English speaking is becoming popularly. Speaking skill is one of the inevitable skills in learning English. Penny Ur (1996:120) noted, Speaking seems intuitively the most important in four basic skills. In fact, through speaking, people can express their opinions, make social contact with others people, establish rapport. In some situation, we use English speaking to give instructions or to get things done. That is also a reason why today more and more people learn to speak English. Most of the learners of English agree that the ability to express themselves freely in communication is the great importance for their future career, especially in modern societies where contacting with foreigners often occurs. However, there still exist many difficulties in learning and teaching English in Vietnam in general and at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry (HOI) in particular. Many Vietnamese learners can write and read English quite well but they cannot speak it correctly and fluently in real-life communication. Surely, there are many reasons for this reality. After teaching the non-English major tudents especially freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry for some years, I have recognized some big obstacles which prevent English language teachers and learners in Vietnam from achieving their aims. These obstacles are: large and heterogeneous classes, students low level of English language proficiency, students low motivation and some others. Unfortunately, this is not only the situation in these universities but also the case for many other colleges and universities in Vietnam. This has given me the desire to conduct A study on the difficulties in teaching and of Industry 2. Aims of the study: The research investigates the reality of teaching and learning English speaking skill to non-English major freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry. The main goal of the research is to identify the difficulties of teacher and students when they deal with speaking skill. 3. Research questions of the study: 1 . What are the difficulties of teacher at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry when teaching English speaking to non-English major freshmen? 2. What are the difficulties of non-English major freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry when learning the English speaking? 4. The scope of the study: Teaching and learning the English speaking skill is a wide field for research. In the scope of this study due to the limited time and knowledge, the study focuses on difficulties in teaching and learning English speaking to the first-year students of non-English major at HI-Jl. 5. Methods of the study: To fullflll the above aims, the investigator has chosen both qualitative and quantitative methods for the study. Data for analysis are gained through the following sources: Survey questionnaires: this method is used to find out the difficulties the teacher and first-year students of non-English major at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry when they learn and teach English speaking. The questionnaires are useful for getting data of the attitudes and behaviors of the teachers and learners when facing these difficulties. It is very convenient for the significant in getting more qualitative data by getting closer to the objects of the study. Moreover, observation done by the researcher is leading to more objective data and open new perspective of the study. 6. Design of the study: This minor study consists of two parts: Part A- INTRODUCTION: states the rationale, aims, research questions, the scope, ethod and design of the study. Part B- DEVELOPMENT: includes three chapters: Chapter I -LITERATURE REVIEW: provides theoretical background that is relevant to the purpose of the study. Chapter II -METHODOLOGY: presents the methodology of the study including the research context, methods of study, research design. Chapter Ill -FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION: deals with the data analysis of two questionnaires designed for English teachers and non-English major freshmen to find out their difficulties in teaching and learning speaking skill. PART S: DEVELOPMENT 1. 1. Speaking Skill: 1. 1. 1 . Concepts of Speaking: Speaking is the productive, oral skill. Speaking consists of producing systematic verbal utterances to convey meaning (utterances are simply things people say). According to Carter David Nunans book (2001 :19), speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information and it is often spontaneous, open-ended and evolving, but it is not completely unpredictable. Speaking is fundamental to human communication. Different linguistics has different concepts of speaking but they are all agreeing with this idea. Brown also defines in her book speaking as an process of constructing meaning that involves producing, receiving and processing information, (1994:241). In Brown and Yules opinions in teaching the Spoken Language book (1983:236), spoken language consists of short, fragmentary utterances in a range of pronunciation. Usually, there is a great deal of repetition and overlap between one speaker and another. Speaker usually uses non-specific references. They also add that spoken language is made by using the loosely organized syntax, and non-specific words, phrases and filters such as Oh, well, uhuh, etc. A comprehensive discussion of the nature of speaking is provided by Bygate (1991 59), who shows that in order to be able to speak a foreign language, it is obviously necessary to have micro-linguistic skills, that is, to understand some grammar, vocabulary and the rules governing how words are put together to form sentences. However, these motor-perceptive skills, as Bygate calls them, are not sufficient since while producing sentences, we often have to adapt them to the circumstances. He then presents the second set of speaking skills: the interaction skills, which involve using knowledge and basic motor- erception skills in deciding what to say and how to say it, while maintaining the intended relation with others. 1. 1. 2. The Role and Status of Speaking in Language Learning and Teaching: As it was implied in the introduction, the skill of speaking has been recently considered by many methodologists a priority in language teaching. Of all the four skills, Ur (1996: 120) concludes, speaking seems intuitively the most important. Most language learners, she adds, are primarily interested in learning to speak. Similar view is held by Nunan, who says that the ability to operate in a second anguage can be actually equated to the ability to speak that language. Hedge (2000:258) gives the evidence that speaking has recently obtained, at least from textbook writers, the attention it deserves: Learners need to develop at the same time the knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, functional language and communicative skills. Attention to the systems of language is crucial, but the development of fluency and contextual appropriate are equally important goals. The reasons for learning to speak competently are formulated as follows: Learners may need the skill to establish nd maintain relationships, to negotiate, to influence people. Speaking is the skill by which learners are assessed when the first impression is formed in Hedges book (2000: 261). 1. 2. Difficulties in Teaching and Learning to Speak English Skill: 1. 2. 1 . Difficulties from Teacher: There is no learning without teaching. So as a tool of implementing teaching plans learning. Quite a few researches have discussed the relationship between teacher talk and language learning. As Nunan (1991:203) points out: Teacher talk is of crucial importance, not only for the organization of the classroom but also for the processes f acquisition. It is important for the organization and management of the classroom because it is through language that teachers either succeed or fail in implementing their teaching plans. In terms of acquisition, teacher talk is important because it is probably the major source of comprehensible target language input the learner is likely to receive. The amount and type of teacher talk is even regarded as a decisive factor of success or failure in classroom teaching. Moreover, to make the process of teaching and learning effective, it is very essential to build a friendly, non-threatening lassroom atmosphere which is created on the basis of a close teacher-learner relationship. Therefore, inappropriate teacher pedagogical practices through not only classroom teacher talk but also classroom teacher-learner relationship have also been seen as a major contributor to the difficulties in teaching speaking skill. 1. 2. 2. Difficulties from Students: In speaking class, besides the active learners, some learners feel shy or afraid to speak or express their ideas, especially when students are being asked to give personal information or opinions. Maybe students fear to lose face in front of their lassmates. Referring to this problem, David Nunan noted in his book (1999:231), In the recent informal survey that I carried out with colleagues, reluctance to speak on the part of student was seen as their biggest challenge. In the speaking activities, pronunciation plays an important role; it is the way for students to produce clearer language when they speak. If they pronounce wrong, no one can understand what they want to say. Howatt talked about this problem in Ronald Carter and David Nunans book (2001: 14), it was essential that the learners pronunciation should be orrect before moving on to texts. Besides that, the local accent is also another reason so that they need to practice the right pronunciation. They must follow a standard accent to pronounce exactly. Another aspect of speaking that is particularly relevant for second language speakers concerns whether or not the speaking is planned or spontaneous (David Nunan, 2001:227). With speaking performance, students often have mistakes on grammatical points such as word using, tense and sentence structure because there are differences on structure, tenses, and word order between English and Vietnamese. Thus, to speak a language, one must know how the language is used in a social context Richards Renandya (2002:206). Being influenced by the mother tongue, learners sometime cannot use word appropriately and speak English like native speakers because each language has its own rules of usage. That is the main reason preventing students ability of English speaking. There are some situations happening in classroom. Teachers give students a topic to speak, but they cannot present the topic. The reason for this problem is that students do not have enough knowledge, vocabulary or they are not major in this topic. When students do not have idea to express the topic, it can be easy for students to feel boring in speaking class. Therefore, in order to improve the speaking skill, students not only understand the basic knowledge involving in many different fields but also have a large knowledge of vocabulary. As Canale and Swain proposed, competence, sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence, which reflect the use of the linguistic system and the functional aspects of communication, respectively, Richards and Renandyas book (2002:206). CHAPTER II: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2. 1 . Method context: . 1. 1 . Description of the English course for non-English major freshmen and its objectives at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry: The study is conducted at Ho Chi Minh university of Industry. They must spend the first two years learning Basic English. They learn integrated skills (speaking, listening, reading and writing) in a 12 credit course in three semesters. Students learn the textbooks American Headway 1B, American Headway 2A, American Headway 2B. The aim of this course for non-English major freshmen is to develop students communicative competence in English. After he course, students are expected to communicate in English at the intermediate level. Students will normally learn English to communicate with other people fluently after finishing their study at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry. . 1. 2. Description of the non-English major freshmen at HOI: Most of non-English major freshmen at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry must learn English from the first semester (at the beginning of the first year) to the second or third semester (at the end of the first year). They start at different levels of English and learn different majors such as Electrical, Electronic, Mechanical, Chemical Engineering, Environment, Information T echnology, Business Administration, Finance and Banking. Students who have a certain competence of English forget a part what they learned after the long time they prepared for the university entrance examination. 2. 1. 3. Description of the English teachers at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry: Most of English teachers teach English for non-English major students are from Faculty of Foreign Languages at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry. Most of them graduated from some institutions r universities of training teachers of English such as Ho Chi Minh University of Pedagogy, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, or other universities in Australia, Canada and English. The qualification status of teaching contingent is that of the teachers are enthusiastic and active in teaching. The frequent meeting or discussions on how to improve the teaching and learning quality are held to get new ideas about changing teaching and learning methods as well as adapting materials appropriate to students. 2. 2. Methods of study: The study employs both quantitative and qualitative research methods. This is, according to WisJer. G (2001 :138) a common approach. Questionnaires are used as a kind of quantitative method of study to collect information from teachers and students. The questionnaires include both closed and open-ended questions which give teachers and students chance to express their opinions on the difficulties of teaching and learning English speaking skill. Besides that, interviews and group observation are used to get quantitative data for the study. Their in-dept thinking noted during the interview will help the researcher have more sights looks into the study issue. Moreover, observations give a condition for the researcher to check whether the teachers and students do what they say in the lessons. . 3. Research design: 2. 3. 1 . Sample and sampling: The data of the study is collected from two main sources: survey questionnaires and interviews. The survey questionnaire is conducted among 1 5 teachers who have from 3 to 10 years in teaching English to non-English major students at Ho Chi Minh University of Industry. The questionnaires for non-English major students are delivered to 150 students learning in three groups. They are first-year students who re taking part in a second semester of their English course. 2. 3. 2. Research Instruments: The data for the study comes from both a quantitative method called survey questionnaires, and two qualitative methods mainly interview and group observation. 2. 3. 3. Data analysis: Data analysis is not only the process of reading out the data collected but the process of interpreting data under the viewpoint and experience of the researcher. The analysis will bring a lot of suppositions in the research question into light. These results will be presented in forms of tables and chart that help to compare different iewpoints of teachers and students on the research problems. CHAPTER Ill: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This part will deal with the data analysis of two questionnaires designed for English teachers and non-English major freshmen to find out their difficulties in teaching and learning English speaking skill. BOOKS: 1 . Brown, H. D. (1994). Teaching by Principles: an Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. Prentice Hall. 2. Brown, G. Yule, G. (1983). Teaching the Spoken Language. Cambridge University Press. 3. Bygate. (1987). Speaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4. David Nunan. 1999). Second Language Teaching Learning. Heinle Heinle Publishers. 5. Jack C. Richards and Willy A. Renandya. (2002). Methodology in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press. 6. Ronald Carter David Nunan (2001). The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of other Languages. Cambridge University Press. 7. Tricia Hedge. (2000). Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom. Oxford University Press. 8. Ur, P. (1996). A Course in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press. 9. Wisker, G. (2001), The Postgraduate Research Handbook, Palgrave Study Guides

Beatniks and Hippies essays

Beatniks and Hippies essays In the times of recovery after 2 great World Wars and The Great Depression it was not hard to realize why there were some people that held negative reactions towards the lifestyle that the average American was used to living in the 50s through the late 70s and their ideals of values and beliefs of the nation. Two movements that was conceived and born of these feelings of alienation and freedom are the Beat movement and later the movement of the Hippies. These two movements are called the Counter Culture. For many people it is seen as a step backwards, and a period in the history of the United States where it is seen as a reason for all the problems in society there is today. I although however believed that the best times in the United States came from the movements of the Counter Culture and what they had done to influence popular culture and society forever for the better and I will demonstrate with this essay how that has happened. Although however most will see them as a misguided or anarchic group of individuals, they actually contributed to one of the best eras of the United States. These movements promote freedom, basically freedom from the society that America has created. Free from their ideals and their monotonous view towards the world and its politics. And also the freedom to express oneself by anyway possible no matter if it is viewed as a radical move or not. The beat movement refers to a set of literary, political, and social attitudes associated with certain American writers and artists during the 1950s. The Beat movement was an angry voice towards the complications of the problems given to us from the two World Wars. This is the rebellion against the America that is the descendant of the Lost Generation of the twenties and the Bohemians of the thirties and forties. However, this is the movement that will be known mostly for being the predecessor of the era of the Hippies...

Virtue and trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Virtue and trust - Essay Example Topic Sentences Entertainment media have in most cases brought out morality as an element that is dependent on social status. It has brought out the society as one full of favourism and one that is inclined towards benefiting only those living within the high social classes. However, it is quite incorrect to classify people as more or less moral based on their economic statuses. It places the society in an awkward position of everyone wanting to exist in the middle class and above zones so as to be acceptable in the society. It creates an imbalance thereby creating a general negative stereotype that places the working class in a situation forcing them to struggle to move to upper economic classes. As such, it is quite unfortunate that this stereotype has taken precedence in the entertainment media that is quite common with most of people in this world. There are substantial reasons supporting the fact that virtue is not much dependable on the economic class that one belongs in. Some of these reasons are discussed herein. Reason Movie producers have in their production processes lightened up the much needed light in the society with respect to how the world observes morality. Morality is a personality theme meaning that it cannot be a society attribute but more of a personal conviction. It is the path of right followed by individuals. It is defined by an existence and is independent of social status. As such, it cannot be acquired by use of money or wealth.